Association between HIV Perceived Risk and Intimate Partner Violence among Women / Asociación entre Percepción de Riesgo de VIH y Violencia de Pareja en Mujeres

Abstract HIV risk perception and Intimate partner violence (IPV) are related to HIV infection in women. However, there is a lack of information regarding on the association between risk perception and IPV in the Mexican population. This study aimed to identify and characterize subgroups based on their risk perception through the analysis of latent classes and to evaluate the variables associated with HIV risk perception. An online survey was conducted to assess sexual and preventive behavior, HIV risk perception, and intimate partner violence. Three hundred thirty-two women participated; the sampling was for convenience. Two latent classes were identified: a group with risk perception (85%) and one without risk perception (14.6%). The variables associated with the risk perception were a sexual attraction to men, not having a stable partner, perceiving oneself as at risk of acquiring HIV due to sexual behavior, and the presence of IPV. HIV prevention programs for women must address the stigmas related to HIV, such as the idea that the risk only occurs when they have multiple sexual partners, promote accurate HIV risk perception and prevent IPV in all its expressions and contexts.

Resumen En mujeres, la violencia de pareja está relacionada a una mayor probabilidad de adquirir la infección por VIH. De igual forma, una inadecuada percepción de riesgo de adquirir el virus coloca a las mujeres en una situación vulnerable. Existe una falta de información ente la asociación de la VPI y la percepción de riesgo es mujeres mexicanas. Este estudio persiguió dos objetivos: el primero fue identificar y caracterizar subgrupos en función de su percepción de riesgo a través del análisis de clases latentes; el segundo objetivo consistió en evaluar las variables asociadas con la percepción de riesgo de VIH. Se realizó una encuesta en línea para evaluar el comportamiento sexual y preventivo, la percepción del riesgo de VIH y la VP. Participaron 332 mujeres; el muestreo fue por conveniencia. Se identificaron dos clases latentes: un grupo con percepción de riesgo (85%) y otro sin percepción de riesgo (14,6%). Las variables asociadas a la percepción de riesgo fueron atracción sexual por hombres, no tener pareja estable, percibirse en riesgo de adquirir el VIH por la conducta sexual y haber sufrido de violencia de pareja en los últimos seis meses. Se concluye que los programas de prevención del VIH para mujeres deben abordar los estigmas relacionados con el VIH, como la idea de que el riesgo solo ocurre cuando tienen múltiples parejas sexuales, promover una percepción precisa del riesgo del VIH y principalmente, prevenir la VP en todas sus expresiones y contextos; así como también dar atención personalizada a mujeres que ya sufren de violencia de pareja.

Balance decisional sobre el uso del condón asociado a la conducta sexual de riesgo en universitarios / Decisional balance of condom use associated with risky sexual behavior in university students

Resumen La adquisición de alguna Infección de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) y los embarazos no planificados son riesgos a los que se enfrentan los jóvenes ante la decisión de no usar condón al tener relaciones sexuales. La aproximación del balance decisional enfatiza qué costos y beneficios están asociados a la conducta sexual de riesgo. Las decisiones acerca del uso del condón son un precursor de la conducta y este proceso puede estar influido por los beneficios que se perciban sobre él. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar la relación de las ganancias y pérdidas del uso del condón con la conducta sexual de riesgo. Se evaluó la conducta sexual de riesgo y el uso del condón masculino en sus relaciones sexuales. Se midieron las ganancias y las pérdidas del condón con una escala de medición, en una muestra de 257 universitarios, con una edad entre 18 y 39 años (. = 22.34; DE = 3.6) de Querétaro, México. La evaluación del balance decisional indica que las ganancias son mayores que las pérdidas (costos) del uso consistente del condón en las relaciones sexuales. Se encontraron asociaciones entre las ganancias y las pérdidas con indicadores de la conducta sexual de riesgo. Se observa que los universitarios que no utilizan condón manifiestan mayores pérdidas por utilizarlo. En las ganancias, se aprecia un aumento en las puntuaciones cuando se usa condón. Lo encontrado provee apoyo para el desarrollo de intervenciones que promuevan las ganancias o beneficios para incrementar el uso consistente del condón.

Abstract The acquisition of a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and unplanned pregnancies are risks that young people deal when deciding not to use a condom when having sexual intercourse. During the decision-making process, individuals value the benefits (gains) and losses (costs) associated with a behavior. Cost-benefit analysis has been investigated to examine the differential impact of gains and losses on risky behaviours. The decisional balance approach emphasizes that costs and benefits are associated with risky sexual behavior. Decisions about condom use are a precursor to behavior, and this process may be influenced by perceived benefits. In the present study, it is proposed that the balance between the benefit and the loss of condom use contributes to consistent condom use. These factors as determinants of behaviour must be considered under the cultural context in which they are carried out. The objective of this research is to identify the relationship of gains and losses from condom use with risky sexual behaviour. It was hypothesized that: 1) Young people will evaluate the benefits (gains) with higher scores compared to the losses (costs) in deciding to use a condom in sexual intercourse. 2) The gains will be greater in those college students who use a condom more frequently and the losses will not be the same among those who use a condom. To evaluate risky sexual behavior and the use of the male condom in their sexual relations were considered. Condom gains and losses were measured with a measurement scale in a sample of 257 university students, aged between 18 and 39 years (. = 22.34; SD = 3.6) from Querétaro, México. With reference to sexual behavior, it was found that 89.1 % have started their sexual activity. The average age of initiation of sexual life is 15.41 years. The frequency of sexual activity is once or twice each month. The mean of sexual partners is 4.2, with a median of 3. The 68.5 % reported using some contraceptive method and regarding the use of condoms, 27.8 % always use it and 5.7 % never use it. To evaluate the decisional balance, subtracting the gain and loss factors created a net difference score. The gain factor was subtracted from its counterpart of the loss factor to indicate the preference for having sex with a condom. The decisional balance assessment indicates that the gains are greater than the losses (costs) of consistent condom use in sexual intercourse. Associations were found between gains and losses with indicators of risky sexual behavior. It is observed that university students who do not use a condom show greater losses from using it. In gains, there is an increase in scores when using a condom. Additionally, it is observed that university students, who sometimes use a condom, show greater losses for using it, unlike those who always use it, which show low scores in the losses of using it. In gains factor, there is an increase in the scores when using a condom, that is, those who never or almost never use a condom have the lowest scores and as the scores increase, the frequency of using a condom in their sexual relations also increases. In conclusion, gains and losses from male condom use are associated with risky sexual behavior (age of sexual activity, number of partners and condom use) in the university context. The findings provide support for the development of interventions that promote gains or benefits to increase consistent condom use. It is important to consider in specific interventions those young people who decide to continue having sex without using a condom despite the costs and possible consequences of not using it.

Analysis of psychosocial optimization IMB model on the influencing factors of persistent condom use among men who have sex with men / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the condom use of men who have sex with men （MSM） in Shanghai， the information motivation behavioral skills model （IMB） theory was used to introduce psychosocial factors and study the relevant factors of consistent condom use （CCU） in this population. MethodsA cross-sectional study of 547 MSM in four districts of Shanghai was conducted by snowball sampling. The structural equation model based on psychosocial optimization was constructed and validated using the data collected by structured questionnaires. ResultsAmong the 547 respondents， the proportion of CCU in the past six months was 45.5%. Comparing the fitness of the initial model with that of the adjusted model， we found that the fitness of the adjusted model was good. ConclusionThe proportion of CCU among MSM in Shanghai is relatively low； In addition， information and motivation do not directly affect the CCU of this population； Only behavioral skills have a direct effect on CCU. Finally， social psychological measures should be emphasized for this population， and comprehensive and multi-level strategies should be formulated to control the spread of HIV in this population.

Conocimiento y mitos del preservativo interno en población de 15 a 25 años, Región Metropolitana / Knowledge and myths of the internal condom in the population aged 15 to 25, Metropolitan Region

INTRODUCCIÓN: El preservativo interno, de vagina o femenino, es un método de barrera fabricado principalmente de poliuretano, que tiene una longitud de la funda de 17 cm y un diámetro de 7,8 cm. Se usa para tener prácticas sexuales seguras, ya que, al igual que el condón de pene, evita la gestación y disminuye el riesgo de adquirir una infección de transmisión sexual. OBJETIVO: Analizar conocimientos y mitos sobre el preservativo interno en personas de 15 a 25 años de las provincias de Santiago, Melipilla y Talagante, de la Región Metropolitana, Chile, en 2021. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cinco mujeres y cinco hombres, con un total de 110 participantes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo como resultado que tan solo un 5% de los encuestados (6/110) ha utilizado el preservativo interno; en contraste, el de pene ha sido utilizado por el 79% de las personas participantes (87/110). Respecto a los mitos, un 55% de la población (60/110) afirma que al usar ambos preservativos aumenta su efectividad. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible concluir que factores como la edad y el nivel de educación sexual influyen en los conocimientos y mitos que giran alrededor del preservativo interno.

INTRODUCTION: The internal, vaginal or female condom is a barrier method made mainly of polyurethane, which has a sheath length of 17 cm and a diameter of 7.8 cm. It is used to have safe sexual practices, since, like the penis condom, they prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. OBJECTIVE: To analyze knowledge and myths about the internal condom in people between 15 and 25 years of age in the provinces of Santiago, Melipilla and Talagante of the Metropolitan Region, Chile, in 2021. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 5 females and 5 males, with a total of 110 participants. RESULTS: It was obtained as a result that only 5% of the respondents (6/110) have used the internal condom; in contrast, the penis condom has been used by 79% of the participants (87/110). Regarding myths, 55% of the population (60/110) affirm that using both condoms increases their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to conclude that factors such as age and level of sexual education influence the knowledge and myths that revolve around the internal condom.

Teoría de la Conducta Planeada en la predicción del uso del condón en mujeres latinas / Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting condom use in Latin-American Women

RESUMEN Introducción: La Teoría de la Conducta Planeada (TCP) se utiliza para predecir el uso del condón. El presente estudio evaluó la TCP en un contexto cultural diferente al cual fue propuesto. Objetivo: Evaluar las relaciones causales entre las variables que propone la TCP para determinar si éstas predicen el uso consistente del condón en dos grupos de mujeres latinas e identificar las semejanzas inter grupales en ambos colectivos y las discrepancias con lo que propone el modelo para la población norteamericana. Método: Se evaluaron en dos muestras de mujeres latinas (mexicanas y argentinas) un conjunto de variables como: la consistencia del uso del condón, la intención de usarlo en el próximo encuentro sexual, la norma subjetiva de amigos y padres, las actitudes hacia el preservativo y el control conductual percibido para usarlo. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados: Se encontró que la intención del uso del condón es el mejor predictor del uso del condón. La norma subjetiva fue más importante que las actitudes; aunque esta última variable, no se configuró como un predictor en las mujeres argentinas. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones entre las variables de la TCP y los valores predictivos de las variables, pueden cambiar de acuerdo con el grupo cultural evaluado; el control conductual percibido, en ambas muestras, no resultó ser un predictor directo de la conducta para usar condón, pero si para la intención de utilizarlo. Además, se discute la relevancia de las variables que propone la TCP en relación al contexto cultural de los latinos y el uso crítico del modelo en poblaciones diferentes a la norteamericana.

ABSTRACT Background: The theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used to predict condom use. The present study assessed the causal relationships of the TPB in a cultural context different from the one that was proposed. Objective: To assess the causal relationships among the variables proposed by the TCP to determine if they predict consistent condom use in two groups of Latina women and to identify the inter-group similarities in both groups and the discrepancies with what the model proposes for the North American population. Method: A set of variables were evaluated in two samples of Latina women (Mexican and Argentine): consistency of condom use, intention to use condoms in the next sexual encounter, the subjective norm of friends and parents, attitudes towards condoms, and perceived behavioral control to use condoms. We used the Linear regression analysis. Results: Intention to use condoms was found to be the best predictor of condom use. Subjective norm was more important than attitudes; although the latter variable was not configured as a predictor in Argentine women. Conclusion: The associations between the CTP variables and the predictive values of the variables may change according to the cultural group evaluated; perceived behavioral control, in both samples, was not a direct predictor of condom use behavior, but it was a predictor of intention to use condoms. In addition, we discussed the relevance of the variables proposed by the TCP about the cultural context of Latinos and the critical use of the model in populations other than North America.

Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in patients with genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection and analysis of related risk factors / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the changes in procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in married women with genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection and analyze the risk factors of genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection.Methods:A total of 116 married women with genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection who received treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2019 to December 2019 were included in the observation group. An additional 50 healthy married women who concurrently received physical examination in the same hospital were included in the control group. Serum levels of PCT and CRP were compared between the two groups. Questionnaire outcomes and the risk factors for genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection were subjected to univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis.Results:Serum levels of PCT and CRP in the observation group were (3.71 ± 0.64) μg/L and (34.26 ± 4.23) mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group [(0.49 ± 0.16) μg/L, (4.84 ± 0.75) mg/L, t = 35.05, 48.76, both P < 0.001]. In the observation group, the proportions of women who used condom each time, who had no abortion, who had one sexual partner, who had first sexual intercourse at the age of ≥ 20 years, who had sexual intercourse ≤ 3 times/week, who had no history of unclean sexual contact, and who knew knowledge of genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection were 54.55%, 24.24%, 65.15%, 54.55%, 42.42%, 69.70%, 34.85%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [80.00%, 48.00%, 88.00%, 76.00%, 66.00%, 94.00%, 60.00%, χ2 = 9.79, 9.33, 8.81, 6.89, 7.89, 11.56, 9.32, P = 0.002, 0.009, 0.003, 0.008, 0.005, 0.001, 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that abortion frequency, number of sexual partners, age at first sexual intercourse < 20 years, frequency of sexual intercourse and history of unclean sexual contact were independent risk factors for genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection ( OR = 2.12, 3.58, 2.34, 2.84, 4.24). Frequent condom use and knowledge of genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection were protective factors for genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection ( OR = 4.03, 3.03). Conclusion:Abnormal increases in serum PCT and CRP levels in married women can be used as sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection. Frequency of sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, more times of abortion, premature sexual activity, and history of unclean sexual contact are the risk factors of genital ureaplasma urealyticum infection.

Condom use and risk factors of inconsistent or low use of the condoms during heterosexual anal intercourse in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

Anal intercourse (AI) has been reported to be the riskiest among other sexual intercourses in spreading human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the risk could be minimized by the use of condoms. Whilst AI is believed to be practiced mainly by men who have sex with men, AI has also been reported to occur in heterosexual relationships. However, data on condom use during heterosexual AI are inadequate in sub-Saharan Africa. Method: A scoping review of English language published articles on condom use during heterosexual anal sex, whose studies were conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa from January 2010 to May 2020 was conducted. Articles were searched systematically on PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. Heterosexual AI was defined as penile penetrative anal sex between a man and a woman regardless of the sexual orientation of the 2 parties involved in the act of heterosexual AI. Findings: A total of 21 studies were eligible for analysis. Most of the studies (17 out of 21) reported females to be involved in heterosexual AI whilst 9 out of 21 studies reported males to be involved in heterosexual AI. The lifetime prevalence estimates of condom use during heterosexual AI ranged from 29%-97.5%. Other prevalence estimates of condom use during heterosexual anal intercourse were reported over various recall periods which were: 12 months' recall period with prevalence estimates ranging from 2.9%-59%; prevalence estimates for the past 3 months which ranged from 50%-94.4%; 1 month's recall period with prevalence estimates ranging from 5%-96% and prevalence estimates for the last intercourse experienced ranging from 1%-55%. Condom use during heterosexual AI was generally low and/or inconsistent among female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) and some women in the general population. There were no risk factors identified in the study for the inconsistent or low use of condoms during heterosexual AI. Conclusion: Evidence from this study suggests condom use during heterosexual AI could be fairly low especially among groups such as FSWs, MSMW and some women in the general population. Risk factors for using condoms inconsistently or using condoms less during heterosexual AI are not clear. Heterosexual anal intercourse and condom use during the AI practice is generally an under-studied subject in Sub-Saharan Africa. Future studies need to explore on heterosexual AI and condom use practices during AI comprehensively so that there can be concrete evidence on the subject which will inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing HIV among heterosexual populations in SSA

Sexual behaviours and their associated factors among young people in the Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (DHDSS) in Ghana

Objective: This paper describes sexual behaviours and their associated factors among young people. Design: The study design is cross-sectional. Setting: Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (DHDSS) in Ghana's Shai-Osudoku and Ningo Prampram districts. Participants: Young people aged 10 to 24 years, median age 17 years. Outcome measures: Self-reported to have ever had sex, non-use of a condom at last sex, and ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant. Results: Of the 1689 young people; 42% reported having ever had sex, not using a condom at last sexual activity (64%), and ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant (41%). The proportion of non-use of condoms at last sex was high across all age groups but was highest (93%) in a small proportion of 10 to 14-year-olds who have ever had sex. Higher proportions of females than males; were reported to have ever had sex (46%), not using a condom at their last sex (66%) and ever been pregnant or getting someone pregnant (56%). Age group (20 to 24), females, primary or junior high school, living alone and lower household socio-economic status were risk factors associated with all three outcome measures. Conclusion: Risky sexual behaviour is high among young people in the Dodowa HDSS. Therefore, interventions that promote safer sexual practices and help young people make timely decisions on their sexual and reproductive health care needs are required.

Condom stigma among men who have sex with men population: Concept synthesis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is severe in China. And MSM has now become a key population for the infection and transmission of AIDS. At present, the bottleneck of AIDS prevention and control among MSM population is low rate of continuous condom use and high incidence of unsafe sexual behavior. Inductive summarization of the literature revealed that the most critical reason for low rate of continuous condom use among the MSM population was condom-related stigma. Although many studies mentioned condom-related stigma among MSM populations, there has been no any definition of MSM-related condom stigma and no measurement for it. Therefore, the paper aims to explore barriers to condom use among MSM, then construct the conceptual and operational definition of "MSM-related condom stigma" through Meta synthesis and concept synthesis, and provide a new perspective for AIDS prevention and control among MSM.@*METHODS@#Based on evidence-based method, "PICoS" framework and Meta-synthesis was used to include the literatures. Then, we used synthesized qualitative evidence from included studies to construct the concept and operational definition of MSM-related condom stigma by the means of thematic analysis and concept synthesis.@*RESULTS@#According to the results of the concept synthesis, MSM-related condom stigma refers to any taboos or misbeliefs about condom use or feeling ashamed or embarrassed to talk about using condoms which perceived by individuals at the individual, interpersonal, and social levels.It was demonstrated through 4 sub-themes at operational level: a symbol of distrust, a symbol of HIV/sexual transmitted infections (STIs) prevention, a symbol of an embarrassing topic, and a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse. According to the Social-ecological Model (SEM), a symbol of distrust refers to that the MSM population believes that not using condoms represents mutual trust between sexual partners, while using condoms is difficult to express intimacy, trust and loyalty between sexual partners. A symbol of HIV/STIs prevention at the interpersonal level refers to that the MSM population believes that condom use is a "symbol" for the prevention or infection of AIDS; on the one hand, if someone proposes to use condoms, he may be considered infected with HIV or have unsafe sex experiences, thus, making it difficult to propose condom use; on the other hand, if they believe that sexual partners are "AIDS free" (often a wrong perception, such as sexual partners may have the risk of AIDS infection although they do not have AIDS), it is considered that condom use is completely unnecessary. The environmental level includes a symbol of an embarrassing topic and a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse. A symbol of an embarrassing topic refers to the MSM population feels shame about topics related to sexual behavior and is embarrassed to carry/buy/propose condom use or be ashamed to engage in conversations about whether to use condoms during sexual behavior. And a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse: The MSM population have limitations in their perception of "sex" or "sexual behavior" and believe that real sex (behavior) is unobstructed contact between the bodies and exchange between all body fluids.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The concept of MSM-related condom stigma is proposed for the first time, and its operational definition is given. The concept includes 3 levels and 4 dimensions. It is helpful to understand MSM people's attitude and cognition towards condoms, and adds indicators with cultural sensitivity and behavioral sensitivity to the behavioral intervention for AIDS in the future.

Trabajo sexual y pandemia de la COVID-19: salud sexual y mental de una muestra de trabajadoras sexuales de Colombia

Introducción: En diversos países las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales han sido estigmatizadas y discriminadas, lo que causa en ellas problemas de salud mental y sexual. No obstante, se desconoce cómo la pandemia por COVID-19 y el distanciamiento social han impactado en su salud. El objetivo de la presente investigación, de tipo descriptivo, fue evaluar factores psicosociales, la salud mental, las estrategias para prácticas sexuales con protección, las actitudes hacia el VIH y la sexualidad durante el periodo de confinamiento. . Método: Participaron 98 mujeres trabajadoras sexuales de tres sectores de la Bogotá, quienes respondieron a escalas psicométricas en salud mental y sexual. Resultados: Más del 60 % de las participantes indican sentir abandono estatal, baja clientela y poco o ningún ingreso económico; afectación emocional, una tendencia a presentar actitudes negativas frente a la sexualidad, actitudes favorables hacia el uso del condón, las pruebas de detección del VIH y una alta tendencia a emplear estrategias de persuasión cuando el cliente se niega a usar protección. Conclusiones: Las problemáticas en salud mental y sexual se mantienen e intensifican en pandemia para las trabajadoras sexuales en Colombia, lo cual sigue siendo un reto a escala nacional que requiere una intervención eficaz y efectiva desde lo económico y psicosocial.

Introduction: In different countries, women sex workers have been stigmatized and discriminated against causing mental and sexual health problems in them. However, it is unknown how the pandemic and social distancing have impacted on their health. The objective of this descriptive research was to evaluate psychosocial factors, mental health, strategies for safe sexual practices, attitudes towards HIV and sexuality during the confinement period. Method: 98 female sex workers from three sectors of Bogotá participated, who responded to psychometric scales on mental and sexual health. Results: More than 60% of the participants indicate feeling abandonment of the state, low clientele and little or no economic income; emotional involvement, a tendency to present negative attitudes towards sexuality, positive attitudes towards condom use, HIV testing and a high tendency to use persuasion strategies when the client refuses to use protection. Conclusions: Mental and sexual health problems continue and intensify in pandemic for sex workers in Colombia, which continues to be a national challenge that requires efficient and effective intervention from the economic and psychosocial aspects.

Percepciones sobre el uso del condón en migrantes haitianos en la frontera noroeste de México / Perceptions of condom use in Haitian migrants on the northwestern border of México

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las percepciones sobre el uso de condón en migrantes haitianos en la frontera noroeste de México. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de enfoque cualitativo y diseño etnográfico, en el abordo a siete migrantes haitianos en la zona fronteriza de la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California, México, con quienes se desarrolló una entrevista semiestructurada, la información fue analizada por el programa NVivo, para comprender frecuencia y estructura de los datos; posteriormente se realizó un proceso de categorización, interpretación y teorización del fenómeno de estudio. De un total de 281 unidades de análisis, se realizó un proceso de categorización, que permitió estructurar dos categorías, seis subcategorías y 12 códigos. Resultados: Se identifica que el uso del condón en migrantes haitianos, es interpretado como un elemento de protección a la salud sexual en la prevención de embarazos no planeados; no obstante, se identifican barreras y consecuencias del uso a nivel personal, cultural y religioso. La construcción de la idea de usarlo, recae en el tipo de relación y nivel de confianza que se tiene de la pareja sexual por lo que estar casado o vivir en concubinato, exime de la obligación o del compromiso social de usar el condón. Así mismo la idea de protección, no refleja la preocupación sobre la transmisión de las ITS. Conclusiones: El condón se percibe como un elemento de importancia para la prevención de embarazos no planeados y del VIH, sin embargo, la presencia de factores personales, sensoriales e ideológicos limitan el uso constante del condón; por lo que el desarrollo de intervenciones culturalmente adaptadas, a la población de migrantes haitianos, en el contexto de la frontera norte de México, pueden fortalecer el uso del condón y la prevención del VIH

Abstract Objective: To identify the perceptions of condom use in Haitian migrants in the northwestern border of Mexico. Materials and methods: Study with a qualitative approach and ethnographic design, on board seven Haitian migrants in the border area of the city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, with whom a semi-structured interview was developed, the information was analyzed by the NVivo program, to understand the frequency and structure of the data; later a process of categorization, interpretation and theorization of the study phenomenon was carried out. Out of a total of 281 units of analysis, a categorization process was carried out, which made it possible to structure two categories, six subcategories and 12 codes. Results: It is identified that the use of condoms in Haitian migrants is interpreted as an element of protection of sexual health in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies; however, barriers and consequences of use are identified on a personal, cultural and religious level. The construction of the idea of using it relies on the type of relationship and level of trust that one has in the sexual partner, so being married or living in a common-law relationship exempts the obligation or social commitment of using the condom. Likewise, the idea of protection does not reflect the concern about the transmission of STIs. Conclusions: The condom is perceived as an important element for the prevention of unintended pregnancies and HIV, however, the presence of personal, sensory and ideological factors limit the constant use of the condom; Therefore, the development of culturally adapted interventions for the Haitian migrant population, in the context of the northern border of Mexico, can strengthen condom use and HIV prevention.

Uso del condón en jóvenes sordos de la Ciudad de México: qué saben y cómo lo usan

Introducción: En estudios realizados con jóvenes oyentes se evidencia el problema que implica considerar el reporte del uso del condón como un comportamiento preventivo, ya que éste por sí solo no es un indicador de su uso correcto. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos que tienen jóvenes sordos sobre cómo usar un condón, la frecuencia con la cual lo usan y las fallas que cometen al usarlo, así como explorar la relación entre dichas variables y las diferencias en función del sexo de los participantes. Método: Se utilizó el Cuestionario Computarizado sobre Salud Sexual para Jóvenes Mexicanos con Discapacidad Auditiva para evaluar, en una muestra de 57 jóvenes sordos mexicanos (32 hombres y 25 mujeres con una edad promedio de 20.02 años), su comportamiento sexual, el nivel de conocimientos sobre el uso correcto del condón y la frecuencia de fallas que cometen al usarlo durante el acto sexual. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos muestran que los jóvenes inician su vida sexual a edades tempranas (17 años en promedio), tienen relaciones sexuales sin usar el condón, no tienen conocimientos adecuados sobre cómo se usa un condón, y quienes reportaron usarlo cometieron errores que se asociaron con su ruptura y deslizamiento. Sólo en los hombres el nivel de conocimientos se correlacionó negativamente con el uso del condón en toda la vida (r=-.530, p=.002, n=31), y éste, a su vez, se correlacionó positivamente con la frecuencia de fallas (r=.466, p=.008, n=31). Conclusión El estudio muestra que los jóvenes sordos desconocen cómo debe usarse un condón y cometen errores al usarlo durante el acto sexual, lo cual los coloca en una situación de vulnerabilidad ante las ITS y embarazos no deseados. El estudio aporta evidencia que resalta la necesidad de dirigir los esfuerzos hacia el diseño de programas de entrenamiento en el uso correcto del condón para esta población.

Background: In studies carried out with young people without hearing impairment, the problem of considering the report of condom use as a preventive behavior is evidenced, since this by itself is not an indicator of its correct use. Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge that deaf young people have about how to use a condom, the frequency with which they use it and the mistakes they make when using it, as well as exploring the relationship between these variables and the differences depending on the sex of the participants. Method: The Computerized Questionnaire on Sexual Health for Young Mexicans with Hearing Disabilities was used to evaluate, in a sample of 57 young Mexican deaf people (32 men and 25 women with an average age of 20.02 years), their sexual behavior, the level of knowledge on the correct use of condoms and the frequency of mistakes they make when using it during sex. Results The main findings show that young people start their sexual life at an early age (17 years on average), have sex without using a condom, do not have adequate knowledge about how to use a condom, and those who reported using it made mistakes that were associated with breakage and slippage. Only in men was the level of knowledge negatively correlated with lifetime condom use (r=-.530, p=.002), and this, in turn, was positively correlated with frequency of failures (r=.466, p=.008). Conclusion: The study shows that young deaf people are unaware of how to use a condom and make mistakes when using it during sex, which places them in a vulnerable situation to STIs and unwanted pregnancies. The study provides evidence that highlights the need to direct efforts towards the design of training programs in the correct use of condoms for this population.

Construcción y validación de una prueba de conocimientos de métodos anticonceptivos para adolescentes

Introducción: Se requiere de instrumentos válidos y confiables para medir el nivel de información de métodos anticonceptivos en adolescentes para promover su correcto uso. Objetivo: Construir y validar una prueba de conocimientos de métodos anticonceptivos para adolescentes de entre 15 y 19 años. Método: Se desarrolló una prueba de 36 ítems que incluye los diferentes métodos anticonceptivos y que recolecta información sobre las características, uso, eficacia, ventajas y desventajas de dichos métodos. Una vez validada por jueces expertos, se seleccionó aleatoriamente una preparatoria de Ecatepec y se aplicó la prueba a estudiantes de los tres grados escolares. Resultados: La prueba fue resuelta por un total de 229 estudiantes de entre 15 y 19 años (M = 16.22; DE = .978). La mayoría fueron mujeres (66%), solteros (88.5%) y que vivían con mamá y papá (62.9%). De los 36 ítems iniciales, 31 mostraron tener adecuado poder discriminativo entre los que se desempeñaron bien en la prueba y los que no. El índice de dificultad de la prueba fue de .45 y se estimó un valor de .739 de índice de confiabilidad. El 60% de los participantes obtuvo un porcentaje menor de 50% de respuestas correctas en toda la prueba y solo cerca del 4% obtuvo un porcentaje mayor al 70%. Las categorías de características y uso fueron en las que mejor se desempeñaron los participantes al responder correctamente al 48% de estas preguntas y la peor fue eficacia ventajas y desventajas con un 33%. Conclusión: Las propiedades psicométricas de la prueba evidenciaron que es un instrumento válido y confiable para su aplicación en adolescentes mexicanos. Los resultados señalan que la mayoría de los adolescentes no posee la información necesaria sobre los métodos anticonceptivos y que de lo que menos conocen es sobre su eficacia y efectos secundarios.

Background: Valid and reliable instruments are required to measure the level of information on contraceptive methods in adolescents to promote their correct use. Objective: To construct and validate a test of knowledge of contraceptive methods for adolescents between 15 and 19 years old. Method: A 36-item test was developed that included the different contraceptive methods and information on the characteristics, use, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Once validated by expert judges, a college in Ecatepec was randomly selected as data collection site. Students of the three school grades answered the test. Results: The test was applied to a total of 229 students between 15 and 19 years old (M = 16.22; SD = .978). The majority were women (66%), single (88.5%) and lived with their parents (62.9%). Of the 36 initial items, 31 showed discriminatory power between those who performed well on the test and those who did not. The difficulty index of the questionnaire was .45 and revealed a reliability index value of .739. Around 60% of the participants obtained a percentage below 50% of correct answers in the entire test. Only about 4% of participants got a percentage of correct responses higher than 70%. The categories of characteristics and use were those in which the participants performed best when answering 48% of these questions correctly. The worst was effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages with 33%. Conclusion: The test's psychometric properties showed that it is a valid and reliable test for its application in Mexican adolescents. The results indicate that most adolescents of the simple do not have complete information about contraceptive methods and that they know the least about their effectiveness and side effects.

Mercadeo del condón para la prevención del VIH/sida en mayores de 50 años de edad en la Habana / Condom marketing for HIV / AIDS prevention in People Aged 50 years / Prevenção do HIV / AIDS em mais de 50 anos em Havana / Commercialisation de préservatifs pour la prévention du VIH / SIDA chez les personnes de plus de 50 ans

Resumen Objetivos: Identificar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre el uso del condón en la prevención del VIH/sida, que poseen las personas mayores de 50 años de edad, en La Habana. Así como identificar barreras para el uso y adquisición del condón en dicha población. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, desde enero 2018 a junio del 2019, en La Habana; en cinco de los municipios más afectados por la epidemia. (Centro Habana, Marianao, San Miguel del Padrón, Playa, Cerro). Se encuestaron 536 personas de más de 50 años edad, de cada consultorio médico, a través de un cuestionario auto aplicado. Resultados: En los entrevistados, predominó el sexo femenino con 61 %, mayores de 60 años de edad con 38.2%, el 50.2 % poseen escolaridad media, el 47.4% son trabajadores, 40% casados y 70.1% heterosexuales. Se determinaron conocimientos suficientes referentes a vía de trasmisión y prevención del VIH, no usan consistentemente el condón ni en las relaciones estables ni ocasionales. Poseen actitudes que favorecen un rol más participativo de la mujer para protegerse en las relaciones sexuales. Se identificaron barreras sociales, generacionales y estructurales como la inexistencia del condón en Puntos de Ventas No Tradicionales, la inestabilidad y poca variedad de marcas de condones en las farmacias. Conclusiones: Las personas mayores de 50 años entrevistadas en La Habana, poseen conocimientos suficientes. Usan poco el condón, ya sea en relaciones estables como ocasionales, porque perciben poco el riesgo de infectarse a su edad, lo que puede ser una barrera sociocultural y generacional para el uso del condón. Concentrar acciones específicas de mercadeo social del condón para esta población, podría ser la solución para obtener mejores resultados en la prevención del VIH/sida.

Abstract Objectives: Identify knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to the use of condom in preventing HIV / AIDS possessed by people over 50 years in Havana and identify barriers in condom use and acquisition in this population. Materials and Method: we carried out descriptive cross-sectional study from January 2018 to June 2019 in Havana, in five of the municipalities most affected by the epidemic (Centro Habana, Marianao; San Miguel del Padrón, Playa, Cerro). We surveyed 536 people over 50 years of age from each medical office through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: In the people interviewed, the female sex predominated with 61%. They were older than 60 years of age with 38.2%, 50.2% have an average education, 47.4% are workers, 40% are married and 70.1% are heterosexual. We found sufficient knowledge about the route of transmission and prevention of HIV. They do not consistently use condoms in long-term or casual relationships. They have attitudes that favor a more participatory role for women to protect themselves during sex. Social, generational and structural barriers were identified such as the lack of condoms in Non-Traditional Points of Sale and the instability and limited variety of condom brands in pharmacies. Conclusions: People over 50 years interviewed in Havana have sufficient knowledge about transmission and prevention of HIV. They rarely use condoms either in stable or occasional relationships, because they perceive little risk of infection at their age, which can be a sociocultural and generational barrier to condom use. Concentrate specific social marketing actions for condom use for this population, could be the solution to obtain better results in the prevention of HIV / AIDS.

Sumário Objetivo: A prevenção da infecção pelo HIV também está relacionada ao envelhecimento da população. Objetivos: Identificar conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas sobre o uso de preservativos na prevenção do HIV / AIDS que as pessoas com mais de 50 anos de idade possuem em Havana e Identificar barreiras ao uso e aquisição de preservativos nessa população. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, de janeiro de 2018 a junho de 2019, em Havana, em cinco dos municípios mais afetados pela epidemia. (Centro Habana, Marianao; San Miguel del Padrón, Playa, Cerro). 536 pessoas com mais de 50 anos de idade, de cada consultório médico, foram pesquisadas por meio de um questionário auto-aplicado. Resultados: Nos entrevistados, o sexo feminino predominou com 61%, acima de 60 anos com 38,2%, 50,2% com ensino médio, 47,4% são trabalhadores, 40% casados e 70,1% heterossexuais. Foi determinado o conhecimento suficiente sobre a via de transmissão e prevenção do HIV, que não usa consistentemente preservativos em relacionamentos estáveis ou ocasionais. Eles têm atitudes que favorecem um papel mais participativo para as mulheres se protegerem nas relações sexuais. Foram identificadas barreiras sociais, geracionais e estruturais, como a ausência de preservativos nos pontos de venda não tradicionais e a instabilidade e pouca variedade de marcas de preservativos nas farmácias. Conclusões: Pessoas com mais de 50 anos entrevistadas em Havana têm conhecimento suficiente. Eles raramente usam preservativos em relacionamentos estáveis ou ocasionais, porque percebem pouco risco de serem infectados na idade, o que pode ser uma barreira sociocultural e geracional ao uso do preservativo. Concentrar ações específicas de marketing de preservativos para essa população pode ser a solução para obter melhores resultados na prevenção do HIV / AIDS.

Résumé Objectifs : Identifier les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en matière d'utilisation de préservatifs pour la prévention du VIH/SIDA chez les personnes de plus de 50 ans résidant à La Havane, et identifier les obstacles à l'acquisition et l'utilisation de préservatifs dans cette population. Matériel et Méthodes : Une étude descriptive et transversale a été menée, de janvier 2018 à juin 2019, à La Havane, dans cinq des municipalités les plus touchées par l'épidémie (Centro Habana, Marianao, San Miguel del Padrón, Playa y Cerro). Au total, 536 personnes de plus de 50 ans ont été interrogées dans chaque cabinet médical au moyen d'un questionnaire auto-administré. Résultats : Parmi les personnes interrogées, le sexe féminin prédomine avec 61%, les plus de 60 ans avec 38,2% ; 50,2% ont une scolarité de niveau secondaire, 47,4% sont des travailleurs, 40% sont mariés et 70,1% sont hétérosexuels. Les connaissances sur les voies de transmission et la prévention du VIH ont été déterminées suffisantes. Ces personnes n'utilisent pas systématiquement de préservatifs, que ce soit dans le cadre de relations stables ou occasionnelles. Leurs attitudes favorisent un rôle plus participatif des femmes pour se protéger dans les relations sexuelles. Des obstacles sociaux, générationnels et structurels ont été identifiés, tels que l'inexistence de préservatifs dans les points de vente non traditionnels, l'instabilité et la faible variété des marques de préservatifs dans les pharmacies. Conclusions : Les personnes de plus de 50 ans interrogées à La Havane ont des connaissances suffisantes. Elles utilisent peu le préservatif, que ce soit dans le cadre de relations stables ou occasionnelles, car elles perçoivent peu de risques d'infection à leur âge, ce qui peut constituer un obstacle socioculturel et générationnel à l'utilisation du préservatif. Se concentrer sur des actions spécifiques de marketing social du préservatif pour cette population pourrait être la solution pour obtenir de meilleurs résultats dans la prévention du VIH/SIDA.

Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among reproductive age group females presenting with genital ulcer: study from a tertiary care centre in India

Background: The co-existence genital ulcers either in the recipient or donor could potentially increase the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hence the meticulous clinical and serologic evaluation of females presenting with genital ulceration is important to curb the future spread of HIV.Methods: A total 80 female patients within the age group 15-45 years presenting with genital ulceration were enrolled in the study done at tertiary care centre in Amritsar for a period of one year. Various investigations such as Tzanck smear, VDRL, gram staining, genital mucosal biopsy, HSV serology and HIV testing - ELISA and Tri dot were done on study participants.Results: Out of 80 females, 8 patients with genital ulceration tested positive for HIV. Most common cause of genital ulceration in HIV positive female patients was herpes progenitalis (50%). Only 25% of HIV seropositive females were married rest were widowed or unmarried. History of condom use was absent in 62.5% of HIV positive females.Conclusions: Pre-existing genital ulcers due to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or due to non-STDs, inconsistent condom use, urbanization and pre/extra marital affairs are risk factors for the acquisition of HIV.

Impact of condom balloon tamponade on the rate of obstetric hysterectomy: a ten-year study

Background: The objective of this present study was to assess the efficacy of condom uterine balloon tamponade (C-UBT) in averting the obstetric hysterectomy (OH) in cases of major postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) over a period of 10 years.Methods: A retrospective cohort study from January 2010 to December 2019. A historical cohort was drawn from a group of women who had OH for major PPH between Jan 2010 to December 2014 (Group 1) whereas those from January 2015 to December 2019 were designated as Group 2. Total 305 C-UBT were used in the later period. Women who had OH at <28 weeks were excluded from the study. Primary outcome was to determine the efficacy of C-UBT in averting the risk of OH. Secondary objective was to determine the success rate of C-UBT after five years of useResults: Total 37463 births occurred from January 2010 to December 2014 and 38808 during January 2015 to December 2019. Cases of OH were 33 in the first five years period (Group 1) and 20 in the later (Group 2), p=<05, odds ratio=0.58 with 95% CI 0.335-1.019 favoring C-UBT.  After exclusion of rupture uterus and placenta accreta syndrome, OH for uterine atony alone were 22 (66.6%) for Group 1 and 08 (40%) for Group 2, P=0.01 odds ratio=0.350 (95% CI 0.156-0.788). No OH was done in group 2 for placenta previa. Efficacy of C-UBT was 96%.Conclusions: C-UBT is very safe, cheap and effective option for averting OH and associated physical, emotional and psychosocial morbidity.

A study of health seeking behavior about sexually transmitted infection in women with high risk behavior in an urban slum

Background: Health care seeking for sexually transmitted infection is frequently inadequate, particularly among female sex workers because of the low levels of awareness regarding sexual health. Correct diagnosis and treatment with health information are essential components of sexually transmitted infection (STI) services. Objective was to study demographic profile and to assess their health seeking behavior for STI and prevention services.Methods: Study was done in urban slum in Mumbai. It was cross sectional study conducted from May 2018 to December 2018.Results: The median age of women was 26 years. Majority belong to lower socio economic class, 39.4% women admitted that they took alcohol on occasions while 22% had sex with alcohol intake, 41% women were using condom during sexual activity. Only 14.5% women completed treatment who had past history of STI.Conclusions: Ensuring timely complete treatment of STI/RTI among women with high risk behavior is priority to prevent spread among general population.

Mercadeo del Condón para prevenir el VIH/SIDA. Centro Habana, 2018 / Condom marketing to prevent HIV / AIDS. Center Havana, 2018 / Comercialização de preservativos para prevenir o HIV / AIDS. Center Havana, 2018 / Marketing du préservatif pour prévenir le VIH/SIDA. Center Havana, 2018

Resumen Objetivo Describir la aplicación de la estrategia de mercadeo social del condón para la prevención del VHI/SIDA en el municipio Centro Habana en 2018. Materiales y Método Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal. El universo fue la población de 15 años en adelante del municipio; para la muestra se escogieron los dos policlínicos con mayor prevalencia de VHI/SIDA: Policlínico "Van Troy" y Policlínico "Reina". Por muestreo probabilístico, se seleccionaron de los consultorios 255 personas a encuestar, de las cuales 123 fueron hombres y 132 mujeres. Se emplearon como técnicas para la obtención de información grupos focales y entrevistas, aplicadas a la población seleccionada y a informantes clave (vendedores de farmacias). Resultados El 29.4 % de los entrevistados siempre usan condón con pareja estable, el 37.3 % con parejas ocasionales y el 31.4 % con todas las parejas. El 85.9 % considera que con su uso se pueden tener relaciones sexuales placenteras y el 76.5% que usar condón no produce pérdida de sensibilidad. El principal problema que existe en la aplicación de la estrategia es la falta de disponibilidad de los condones, la poca variedad de los mismos y la insuficiencia de materiales para su promoción. Aseguraron que las personas poseen conocimientos suficientes sobre la transmisión y prevención del VHI/SIDA. Conclusiones La estrategia muestra discreto avance en las acciones de educación y promoción, pero la limitada disponibilidad de condones no permitió su correcta aplicación, siendo una barrera para la accesibilidad al producto y por consiguiente al uso del condón en la población del municipio.

Abstract Objective To describe the implementation of the condom social marketing strategy to prevent HIV / AIDS in the Centro Habana municipality in 2018. Method A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. The universe was the population aged 15 and older in the municipality; for the sample, the two polyclinics with the highest prevalence of VHI / AIDS were chosen: "Van Troy" Polyclinic and "Reina" Polyclinic. By probabilistic sampling, 255 people selected to be survey from the offices, of which 123 were men and 132 women. Focus groups and interviews were used as techniques for obtaining information, applied to the target population and key informants (pharmacy vendors). Results 29.4% of respondents always use a condom with a stable partner, 37.3% with occasional partners and 31.4% with all couples. 85.9% believe that with its uses, they can have pleasant sex and 76.5% considers that a condom does not cause loss of sensitivity. The main problem that exists in the implementation of the strategy is the lack of availability of condoms, the low variety of them and the insufficient materials for their promotion. They said that people have sufficient knowledge about the transmission and prevention of HIV / AIDS. Conclusions The strategy shows discrete progress in education and promotion actions, but the limited availability of condoms did not allow its correct application, being a barrier to product accessibility and therefore to the use of condoms in the population of the municipality.

Sumário Objetivo De descrever a aplicação da estratégia de marketing social do preservativo para a prevenção do HIV / AIDS no município de Centro Habana em 2018. Método Foi realizada uma investigação descritiva transversal. O universo era a população de 15 anos em frente ao município; para a amostra, foram escolhidas as duas policlínicas com maior prevalência de VHI / aids: Policlínica "Van Troy" e Policlínica "Reina". Por amostragem probabilística, 255 pessoas a serem pesquisadas foram selecionadas nos escritórios, das quais 123 eram homens e 132 mulheres. Grupos focais e entrevistas foram aplicados como técnicas de obtenção de informações, aplicadas à população selecionada e a informantes-chave (fornecedores de farmácias) Resultados 29,4% dos entrevistados sempre usam preservativo com parceiro estável, 37,3% com parceiros ocasionais e 31,4% com todos os casais. 85,9% acreditam que, com o uso deles, você pode ter relações sexuais agradáveis e 76,5% que usar preservativo não causa perda de sensibilidade. O principal problema que existe na implementação da estratégia é a falta de disponibilidade de preservativos, a baixa variedade deles e os materiais insuficientes para sua promoção. Eles disseram que as pessoas têm conhecimento suficiente sobre a transmissão e prevenção do HIV / AIDS. Conclusões A estratégia mostra discreto progresso nas ações de educação e promoção, mas a disponibilidade limitada de preservativos não permitiu sua correta aplicação, sendo uma barreira à acessibilidade do produto e, portanto, ao uso de preservativos na população do município.

Résumé Objectif Décrire la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de marketing social du préservatif pour la prévention du VIH/SIDA dans la municipalité de Centro, Habana, en 2018. Méthode Une recherche descriptive transversale a été menée. L'univers considéré a été la population de 15 ans et plus de la municipalité. Pour constituer l'échantillon, les deux polycliniques ayant les plus fortes prévalences de VIH/SIDA ont été sélectionnées: la polyclinique "Van Troy" et la polyclinique "Reina". 255 personnes de ces polycliniques ont été ensuite sélectionnées de manière probabiliste (123 hommes et 132 femmes). Pour l'obtention de l'information, des groupes de discussion focalisée et des entrevues ont été réalisés avec les personnes sélectionnées et avec des informateurs clés (vendeurs en pharmacie). Résultats 29,4% des participants utilisent toujours des préservatifs avec leur partenaire stable, 37,3% avec des partenaires occasionnels et 31,4% avec tous leurs partenaires. 85,9% considèrent qu'il est possible d'avoir des relations sexuelles satisfaisantes en les utilisant et 76,5 % qu'ils ne produisent pas de perte de sensibilité. Le principal problème de mise en œuvre de la stratégie est le manque de disponibilité des préservatifs, leur faible variété et l'insuffisance de matériel pour leur promotion. Les participants ont affirmé que les gens ont des connaissances suffisantes sur la transmission et la prévention du VIH/SIDA. Conclusions Des progrès discrets dans la mise en œuvre de la stratégie sont perceptibles dans les actions d'éducation et de promotion, mais la disponibilité limitée des préservatifs n'a pas permis son application correcte,; cela constitue un obstacle à l'accessibilité du produit et donc à l'utilisation des préservatifs par la population de la municipalité.

Differences in sexual negotiation styles and sexual self-efficacy in use of condom in university men and woman of Queretaro, Mexico, 2018 / Diferencias en los estilos de negociación sexual y autoeficacia en el uso del condón en hombres y mujeres universitarios de querétaro, méxico, 2018

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar los niveles de negociación sexual y autoeficacia en el uso del condón masculino en hombres y mujeres. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal de tipo comparativo en el que se incluyeron estudiantes de licenciatura de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Querétaro, México, durante el año 2018. Mues- treo no probabilístico. Se midieron: características sociodemográficas, conductas sexuales de riesgo, habilidades de negociación y autoeficacia sexual para uso de condón. Se compararon los grupos mediante la prueba U de Mann Whitney y el análisis de varianza no paramétrico (Kruskal-Wallis). Resultados: ingresaron 270 estudiantes, el 89,6 % de los universitarios tiene vida sexual activa, la edad promedio de inicio de vida sexual es a los 15,41 años; el promedio de parejas sexuales reportado es de 4,2. El 27,8 % ha usado condón en cada relación sexual. Se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en los estilos de negociación sexual en los dominios de evitación (p = 0,04) y acomodación (p < 0,00), con puntajes más altos para los hombres en comparación con las mujeres. Respecto a la autoeficacia en el uso del condón, las mujeres son quienes puntúan más alto (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: los jóvenes universitarios entrevistados tienen conductas sexuales de riesgo. Se requiere fortalecer las políticas públicas que faciliten la prevención de la conducta sexual de riesgo dirigidas a la población estudiantil. Es necesario realizar más estudios sobre intervenciones que fortalezcan las habilidades de negociación y la autoeficacia sexual en adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare sexual negotiation levels and self-efficacy in male condom use in men and women. Materials and methods: Comparative cross-sectional study of undergraduate students carried out during the year 2018 in a private university in the city of Querétaro, Mexico. Non-probabilistic sampling was used. Measured variables included sociodemographic characteristics, risky sexual behaviors, negotiation skills and sexual self-efficacy for condom use. The Mann Whitney U test and non-parametric variance analysis (Kruskal - Wallis) were used. Results: Overall, 270 students were enrolled; 89.6% of university students were sexually active; the mean age of sexual activity initiation was 15.41 years. The average reported number of sexual partners was 4.2. In each sexual relation, 27.8% had used a condom. Differences were found between men and women in terms of sexual negotiation styles in the avoidance (p=0.04) and accommodation (p<0.00) domains, with higher scores for men compared to women. Women scored higher for self-efficacy in condom use (p<0.001). Conclusions: The young university students interviewed engage in risky sexual activities. Women exhibit greater sexual self-efficacy as well as better skills at negotiating condom use. Strengthening public policies targeted to the student population for the prevention of risky sexual behavior is needed. Further studies on interventions aimed at building strong sexual negotiation and self-efficacy among adolescents are required.

Natural Latex Rubber Condom Inspection and Exploratory Research Analysis / 中国医疗器械杂志

According to the situation of 34 batches of natural rubber latex condoms tested by our center in 2018, the unqualified items in the product inspection items and the exploratory research results of D4 and D5 content in silicone oil lubricants are analyzed. We make recommendations on product technical requirements or standards to strengthen the quality supervision of products.